X-RAY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF DENTAL HARD TISSUE TRACE ELEMENTS (ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION).

The role of trace elements (microelements) in maintaining oral health has not been fully investigated and still remains the subject of research and discussion. Some trace elements contribute to the development of caries, while others, on the contrary, prevent formation of this process and accelerate the restoration of dental hard tissues. Penetration of trace elements into human dental structures via saliva, food, water and other routes contributes to the formation of carious diseases, or, conversely, its cessation and/or regression. Analyzing the studies allowed us to conclude that there is very scarce information available in the literature about the layered, zonal distribution of "vital" trace elements in healthy (intact) teeth dentin and enamel. However, to study the distribution of caries-static elements (Ca, F, P) on the enamel surface as well as in para-pulpal dentin is of great importance as well. It was aimed to identify trace elements in human teeth structures (enamel, dentin and cementum), as well as to determine their localization and concentration. To reach this objective, X-ray spectral analysis on 6 intact, extracted teeth has been performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Identification of trace elements was performed on the 6 sites/locations of these teeth: enamel surface layer, enamel thickness, enamel-dentin border, parapulpal dentin, root dentin, and cementum. As a result, it has been found that the distribution of essential trace elements in dental hard tissues is uneven, while such an important element in maintaining healthy teeth as Fluorine has been found in only minimal concentrations in hard tissues.

EVALUATION OF THREE OBTURATION TECHNIQUES IN THE APICAL PART OF ROOT CANAL.

The purpose of endodontic treatment is root canal preparation, irrigation and reliable filling. If this procedure results in quality tooth restoration, then long-term tooth function is guaranteed. All stages of the endodontic treatment process are important, but the final treatment procedure is root canal obturation, in which the dentist discusses the intended purpose. The process of root canal obturation is a time-consuming and costly manipulation. In this process, complete filling of the apical (peak) root is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the quality of canal filling in apical third of root using 3 techniques: lateral condensation, and thermoplastic Gutta Master and Gutta Fussion obturators. The quality of obturation was evaluated on 36 extracted human teeth. Teeth were divided into 3 groups according to the obturation technique (A, B, C study groups). In each group, the roots of the tooth were sectioned by 2 transverse cuts (perpendicular to the long axis) into 3 segments - apical, middle and coronal thirds. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of apical thirds was performed. The SEM study had to identify the gap between material and root dentin, distant from the canal in all three techniques. The extent of the gap was assessed using modified criteria by R. Tanikodas (2016). The study revealed that absolutely no hermetic obturation of the canal system was recorded in any of the study groups. In all cases, microleakage of different degree and localization between the filling material and the canal wall was observed. However, the worst results were revealed in group A, where interphase weakening was the most frequent. Gutta-Master and Gutta-Fussion thermoplastic obturation showed better adhesion to the walls, but the degree of obturation in group C teeth was better than the results in specimens where the canals had been filled with Gutta-Master.

EFFICIENCY OF CHELATING IRRIGATION AGENTS FOR REMOVING A LUBRICATED DENTIN LAYER OF ROOT CANAL.

The study is aimed at investigating the smear layer, formed on the walls of dental root canals as a result of endodontic treatment, by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and determining its removal and/or modification quality after applying water solution of 18% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and gel. 50 extracted teeth preliminary prepared using Step-Back technique has been studied. Experimental teeth were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: control group (20 teeth), study group I (15 teeth) and study group II (15 teeth), respectively, irrigated by water solution of 18% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). SEM examination was carried out for 3 different areas of preliminary prepared separated dental roots: coronal, middle and apical portions. The entire study was based on the analysis of 900 electron microscope photo- images. SEM study revealed formation of the thick smear layer on the surface of root canal dentin, practically covering the openings of canal tubules. Both the water solution and/or gel of 18% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid provided partial or complete removal of the mentioned smear layer; among them, EDTA 18% water solution appeared to be more effective for coronal and middle thirds of dental root (P<0.05). Removal of the smear layer from root canals by using the chelating agents was less effective in the apical third. Having studied these areas, the portions covered with the smear layer and blocked dentinal tubules on canal surfaces were revealed.

[Trends and risks of self-medication in Georgia].

The aim of this study was to identify the problems of self-medication in Georgia. The study has once again shown that the basic principles of effective pharmaceutical software are: quality (legislation, standards, conformity assessment standards and supervision, well-defined responsibilities specialist pharmaceutical software and individual); accessibility; providing information.To date, Georgia has no specific guidelines defining the concept of the use of OTC self-medication. Physicians and pharmacists are not enough systematized and standardized non-commercial information about medicines. Specialists are often guided by commercial information provided by pharmaceutical companies, which is not always complete and objective. Self-treatment of lung diseases with the use of non-prescription drugs - is becoming increasingly popular. The patient should be instructed in the proper use of drugs, and should receive adequate commercially independent information professionals medical care. Only in this case we can speak of a properly organized, evidence-based and cost-effective to society towards a system of primary medical care - to self-medicate.

[Theoretical and methodological bases of pharmaceutical aid formation (review)].

Pharmacists are required to ensure the quality of services provided to each patient. Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) is a tool of clarifying and fulfilling this commitment. The role of International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) is to guide the national pharmaceutical organizations, which, in turn, should initiate the establishment of national standards. A key element is the obligation imposed by the profession throughout the world - to promote different activities for the benefit of those we serve. GPP is recommended to be considered as a list of occupational tasks, the implementation of which would serve the interests of patients or customers in the pharmacy. Ultimately, the quality of pharmaceutical care system will help to ensure not only the commercial interests of the pharmacy, but also the security requirements as those services and products, as well as professionals and patients.

[Influence of electromagnetic radiation on toxicity of Vipera lebetina obtusa venom].

The aim of the article was to study the effect of electromagnetic radiation on toxicity of Vipera lebetina obtusa venom. It was found that mice intoxicated with snake venom, with moderate to high exposure to electromagnetic radiation and mice intoxicated with venom, which had not been exposed to the radiation showed the same symptoms of intoxication and death. At the same time, the longevity of mice intoxicated with venom exposed to electromagnetic radiation was higher. The longevity of mice in control group was 25+/-5 min. The longevity of mice intoxicated with exposed to electromagnetic radiation snake venom was from 29 to 60 min. The research showed that the longevity of mice intoxicated with snake venom rose with the level of electromagnetic radiation intensity the snake was exposed to. Accordingly, snake venom, with exposure to high intensity electromagnetic radiation is less toxic.

[Atom-absorption spectrometry in studying of Vipera lebetina obtusa venom].

The aim of the investigation was to work out the atom-absorption spectrometry method for definition of elementary structure of snake venom. The investigation was conducted on venom vipers, caught in the Gobustan district. Determination of heavy metals in venom vipers, was conducted by means of atom-absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer AAS-300). The concentration of the following metals in samples of Vipera Lebetina obtusa venom was defined: Cd (0,012%), (1,234%), Fe (0,487%), Cr (0,171%), Zn (0,78%). The obtained data by means of proposed method of definition of heavy metals in samples of snake venom can be applied to standardize the snake venom, to establish the authenticity in a forensic medical examination, in analyses of medication on the basis of snake venom.

[Analysis of pharmacokinetics of kamelin in rat's blood plasma].

Camelyn is a new original biological preparation with strong immunomodulative and antioxidant effect. It is produced from special kind of honey. The features of original medicine camelyn for treatment of different types of infections and tumors and pharmacokinetics of camelyn in rat's plasma are described. The research showed excellent regenerating and healing effect of camelyn on damaged tissues. Pharmacokinetic parameters for camelyn were obtained. It is concluded that the most effective is subcutaneous introduction of the drug.

[Rationale for using kinin system inhibitors in patients with acute ischemia and infarction of the myocardium during the prehospital phase]. / Ob obosnovannosti ispol'zovaniia na dogospital'nom étape ingibitorov kininovoi sistemy u bol'nykh s ostroi ishemiei i infarktom miokarda.

The paper discusses if it is advisable to use kallikrein-kinin system inhibitors earlier. A total of 122 patients with acute ischemia and infarction of the myocardium were studied. Contrykal and heparin infused in the prehospital period, followed by hospital treatment are optimal to prevent vascular wall lesions, maximally retain retrograde blood flow, and substantially reduce the size of myocardial infarction. Therapy with protease inhibitors proved to be most beneficial within the first 2 hours of the disease, as evidenced by a profound improvement in the clinical course of myocardial infarction, a decrease in ECG and precordial mapping signs of ischemia, a positive change in myoglobin and MB creatine phosphokinase levels, and a significant reduction in the rehabilitative period.